English Law and Self Defense
By Christopher Dunn and Kevin Pell
Editor's Note: This article is presented for educational purposes
only, and is not intended to be legal advice. If anyone has questions
regarding a specific set of circumstances, he or she should contact a
private attorney.
The law of self-defense in the United Kingdom is born out of the common
law. That means that defending oneself, defending property and defending
others derives from law made by judges rather than law made by the government
in an Act of Parliament. One can only use as much force in the defense
of oneself, one’s property, or others as is reasonable in the circumstances.
“One can only use as much force as is reasonable
in the circumstances …" |
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The law on the prevention of crime, (a close cousin to self defense),
is enacted by virtue of Section 3(1) of the Criminal Law Act 1967. This
section provides that “A person may use such force as is reasonable
in the circumstances in the prevention of crime, or in effecting or assisting
in the lawful arrest of offenders or suspected offenders or of persons
unlawfully at large.” What is central to both legal concepts is
the requirement of reasonable force. One can only use as much force as
is reasonable in the circumstances to:
• prevent a crime;
• effect or assist in the lawful arrest of offenders or suspected
offenders;
• effect or assist in the lawful arrest of persons unlawfully at
large;
• defend oneself;
• defend one’s property;
• defend another.
A person who is attacked or believes that he is about to be attacked
may use such force as is reasonably necessary to defend himself or another
or to defend his property. If he uses reasonable force he will be acting
in lawful self-defense, and would not be guilty of an offence. A person
does not need to be attacked before he can avail himself of self defense.
If he believes that he is about to be attacked he can strike pre-emptively.
There is no requirement to retreat when attacked even if the opportunity
to do so presents itself. Failing to avail oneself of such an opportunity
is simply a factor to be taken into account in deciding whether it was
necessary to use force at all.
Therefore there are two questions for a jury to address in deciding whether
someone has acted in self defense. Firstly, an individual can only be
properly said to be acting in self defense if in all the circumstances
he honestly believes that it is necessary for him to defend himself, his
property, or another and the second question is whether the amount of
force which he uses in doing so is reasonable. So an individual who is
acting out of revenge, bravado, or aggression does not act in lawful self-defense
because in all those circumstances he could not honestly believe that
it was
necessary for him to defend himself, and as such he would be guilty of
the offense charged.
If the jury decides that a person may have been acting in the honest
belief that it was necessary for him to defend himself, they must then
consider whether the amount of force used was reasonable taking into consideration
the circumstances and the danger that person honestly believed himself
to be in at the time.
“Walk away if you safely can. If you cannot walk
away safely, only use as much force as will allow you to get
away. If you cannot get away, use only as much force as is
necessary to neutralize the threat." |
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Force used in self-defense is unreasonable and therefore unlawful if
it is out of all proportion to the nature of the attack, or is in excess
of what is really required of a person in defending himself, his property
or another. What is reasonable force in the circumstances is usually a
matter of common sense. The greater the threat the more reasonable it
would be to use greater force in self defense. So if a person is attacked
by a man with a knife in the street and breaks his arm in defending himself
this may be reasonable. Greater justification may be called for if he
breaks the arm of an unarmed attacker.
However, in English law a person who is defending himself from an attack
cannot be expected in the heat of the moment exactly to calculate the
precise amount of force required to defend himself. If a person does no
more than he honestly and instinctively thought was necessary to defend
himself, it is powerful evidence that the amount of force used was
reasonable.
Perhaps most importantly, it is not for a person to prove that he acted
in lawful self defense, it is for the prosecution to prove, so that a
jury is sure that the person was not acting in lawful self-defense.
For the martial artist the principal concept to consider and remember
in effecting a technique on the street is that any force used may have
to stand up to legal scrutiny at a later date. When faced with a threat,
the martial artist has to consider an appropriate use of force by direct
comparison to the threat. If the threat level escalates then the amount
of force used can escalate. If the threat level diminishesany amount of
force would also be expected to diminish.
Walk away if you safely can. If you cannot walk away safely, only use
as much force as will allow you to get away. If you cannot get away, use
only as much force as is necessary to neutralize the threat. Remember:
it is easier to justify an escalation in force than to justify robust
force
employed from the outset.
The authors are currently compiling a book about martial arts and self
defense and would be interested in hearing any stories from martial artists
who have employed their skills and the reaction they received from law
enforcement officials and/or the Courts.
About the Author:
Chris Dun is a Barrister at Law, Sovereign Chambers, Leeds, England.
He may be reached at: chrisdunn@eidosnet.co.uk
Dunn was born in 1966 in Newcastle upon Tyne. His father and grandfather
were successful amateur boxers and he was taught to box from an early
age. He has had a lifelong interest in martial arts, studying Aikido while
attending university and latter, Ju Jitsu.
Before attending university Chris joined the Royal Marine Reserve and
then went on to join the Special Constabulary with Northumbria Police
before becoming a full-time police officer with Kent County Constabulary.
It was his service with the police that precipitated his legal career.
In 1988 Chris undertook an undergraduate degree at Newcastle Polytechnic
before embarking on postgraduate studies in law at Newcastle University.
In 1995 Chris studied for the Bar exams at the Inns of Court School of
Law in London and was called to the bar by the Honourable Society of Gray's
Inn in 1996. From 1996 Chris has been a tenant at Sovereign Chambers in
Leeds as
part of the criminal team.
Soke Kevin Pell, a 7th Dan in Ju-Jitsu, is founder and Chief
Instructor Ishin Ryu Ju-Jitsu The Old Bakery, Caston, Norfolk, England.
Kevin Pell was born in 1958 in Edmonton, North London, and began his
martial arts career in October 1966. During his 35 years of training to
date he has studied the arts of Judo, Karate, Ju Jitsu, Kung Fu, Shorinji
Kempo, Kickboxing and most recently Iaido and Kendo.
In 1982 his fascination with the striking and locking arts took him to
Japan to study the art of Shorinji-Kempo at the Honbu Dojo (headquarters).
In January 1990 he opened the very first Ishin Ryu school of Ju-Jitsu
based in his home town of Borehamwood, Herts, in the United Kingdom.
Since early 1990, Kevin Pell has received invitations to teach worldwide
his no-nonsense style of Ju-Jitsu attracting international attention from
many of the worlds' leading close protection agencies and military special
forces.
Kevin has served with the Royal Marine Reserve and the Royal Military
Police. He was also a dog handler in The Parks Police completing his service
in the rank of Sargeant. In 1996, Kevin was invited to join an elite team
of close protection officers drawn from Britains' Special Forces, responsible
for the personal security of leading members of the United Arab Emirates.
His Ishin Ryu Ju-Jitsu clubs have had numerous television appearances
both nationally and internationally. They have appeared on The James Whale
Show, LWTs' You Bet, The Link, Sky and Cable Television. Kevin has recently
appeared as an instructor in Andy McNabs recent video "The S.A.S
Survival Guide" where he trained and arranged the escape and evasion
sequence.
Kevin appears regularly in martial arts magazines and publications both
here and abroad including the internationally acclaimed best seller The
Ultimate Book of Martial Arts in which a 32 page section is dedicated
to Kevin’s' unique style Ishin Ryu Ju Jitsu. He continues to receive
invitations to teach and expand both at home and abroad.
Kevin holds a Kyoshi teaching diploma presented to him by The Tokushima
Budo Council and is a certified member of The Dai Nippon Butoku Kai. Soke
currently teaches full time at Honbu, Caston village, The Hawksmoor Centre,
Manor Lodge and the Norfolk Golf and Country club.
He was recently been inaugurated into Combat Magazines' "Black Belt
Hall of Fame" and was presented the award by Paul Clifton, (editor
of Combat Magazine), in recognition of his outstanding contribution to
the martial arts.
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